Last update
3/25/2026
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 57 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Medium or Average
Based on 19 Reviews
6.7
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Teaspoon (5 ml)
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
40
Total Fat
4.5 g
6%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Cholesterol
15 mg
5%
Vitamin A (from cod liver oil and retinyl palmitate)
255 mcg RAE(850 IU)
28%
Vitamin D (from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
50%
Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol)
6.7 mg
45%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
4.6 g
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids*
1,100 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)*
500 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*
370 mg
†
DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid)*
50 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We investigated how cod liver oil affects coronary artery disease in pigs on a high-fat diet over eight months. By comparing 7 pigs that received cod liver oil to 11 control pigs, we observed significantly less disease in the oil-fed group. Notably, lesion size and arterial narrowing were reduced, suggesting that cod liver oil may influence heart health. Both groups had high lipid levels, but the differences in atherosclerosis weren't linked to these levels. This study hints at the oil's potential to slow coronary disease progression via changes in metabolism.
Read More
9
We delved into how cod liver oil (CLO) influences heart health, especially in the context of diabetes. Using a study with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, we treated them with CLO and monitored various cardiovascular metrics over 12 weeks. What we found was quite telling: untreated diabetic rats faced significant increases in blood sugar and harmful lipid levels, while those receiving CLO showed improved weight gain and complete prevention of lipid problems.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
Read More
9
We examined the effects of cod liver oil, enriched with essential fatty acids, on heart stability after inducing myocardial infarction in rats. Over 30 days, we found that the oil significantly raised the heart's fibrillation threshold by 50% and halved the occurrence of spontaneous extrasystoles. While there were improvements in the heart's functionality during rest, overall heart pressures and contraction speeds showed no significant changes. This suggests that cod liver oil may contribute positively to heart stability, but it doesn't dramatically alter all heart functions.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Improves heart health
4 people found this helpful
Cod liver oil is vital for skin health and clarity, delaying aging. It supports heart health and combatting heart disease and strokes. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in memory support and nervous system function under stress, reduces the risk of diabetes, and enhances immunity against bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, it lowers triglycerides and cholesterol. Unlike regular fish oils derived from fish tissues, cod liver oil is extracted from the liver of cod fish, providing higher levels of vitamins A and D.
Read More
9
Reduces heart risks
Excellent! This brand has significantly reduced hair loss in my teenage children after prolonged use. Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for blood circulation, brain function, and overall health. They have anti-inflammatory properties, enhance immune activity, and are vital in preventing heart disease. Omega-3 deficiency leads to various health issues. The benefits include increased cognitive function, improved blood circulation, and reduced blood pressure.
Read More
9
Aids heart health
One of my preferred omega supplements, I have used it multiple times and appreciate its quality in liquid form. There are no capsule fillers, and the taste is agreeable, resembling salted fish. It has shown positive effects on my skin and heart health, making it a product I highly recommend.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 57 Researches
7.5
- All Researches
9
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in cod liver oil, on heart health after a heart attack. Using lab tests on heart cells and mouse models, we found that DHA helped protect heart cells from damage due to low oxygen levels.
Remarkably, DHA not only reduced heart damage but also improved heart function overall. It seemed to support a process called autophagy, which helps clear out damaged cells, thereby benefiting heart health after injury.
However, it's important to note that while DHA shows promising results, more research is needed to fully understand its role.
Remarkably, DHA not only reduced heart damage but also improved heart function overall. It seemed to support a process called autophagy, which helps clear out damaged cells, thereby benefiting heart health after injury.
However, it's important to note that while DHA shows promising results, more research is needed to fully understand its role.
Read More
9
We delved into how cod liver oil (CLO) influences heart health, especially in the context of diabetes. Using a study with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, we treated them with CLO and monitored various cardiovascular metrics over 12 weeks. What we found was quite telling: untreated diabetic rats faced significant increases in blood sugar and harmful lipid levels, while those receiving CLO showed improved weight gain and complete prevention of lipid problems.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
Read More
9
We examined the effects of cod liver oil, enriched with essential fatty acids, on heart stability after inducing myocardial infarction in rats. Over 30 days, we found that the oil significantly raised the heart's fibrillation threshold by 50% and halved the occurrence of spontaneous extrasystoles. While there were improvements in the heart's functionality during rest, overall heart pressures and contraction speeds showed no significant changes. This suggests that cod liver oil may contribute positively to heart stability, but it doesn't dramatically alter all heart functions.
Read More
9
Cod liver oil's potential heart benefits
We explored the relationship between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly from cod liver oil, and coronary heart disease (CHD). The research found that cod liver oil significantly reduced harmful arachidonic acid levels in heart cells, promoting a healthier balance with beneficial docosahexaenoic acid. This balance may lower risks of heart issues, including sudden cardiac death. However, while diets rich in fish oil show promise, the study does not claim that cod liver oil is a guaranteed solution to heart disease.
Read More
9
We investigated how cod liver oil affects coronary artery disease in pigs on a high-fat diet over eight months. By comparing 7 pigs that received cod liver oil to 11 control pigs, we observed significantly less disease in the oil-fed group. Notably, lesion size and arterial narrowing were reduced, suggesting that cod liver oil may influence heart health. Both groups had high lipid levels, but the differences in atherosclerosis weren't linked to these levels. This study hints at the oil's potential to slow coronary disease progression via changes in metabolism.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Medium or Average
Based on 19 Reviews
6.7
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Improves heart health
4 people found this helpful
Cod liver oil is vital for skin health and clarity, delaying aging. It supports heart health and combatting heart disease and strokes. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in memory support and nervous system function under stress, reduces the risk of diabetes, and enhances immunity against bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, it lowers triglycerides and cholesterol. Unlike regular fish oils derived from fish tissues, cod liver oil is extracted from the liver of cod fish, providing higher levels of vitamins A and D.
Read More
9
Reduces heart risks
Excellent! This brand has significantly reduced hair loss in my teenage children after prolonged use. Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for blood circulation, brain function, and overall health. They have anti-inflammatory properties, enhance immune activity, and are vital in preventing heart disease. Omega-3 deficiency leads to various health issues. The benefits include increased cognitive function, improved blood circulation, and reduced blood pressure.
Read More
9
Aids heart health
One of my preferred omega supplements, I have used it multiple times and appreciate its quality in liquid form. There are no capsule fillers, and the taste is agreeable, resembling salted fish. It has shown positive effects on my skin and heart health, making it a product I highly recommend.
Read More
7.5
Boosts heart health
This high-quality cod liver oil boasts significant omega-3 content, aiding in lowering bad cholesterol and inflammation, thus enhancing heart health and cognitive function. It is my top choice for nutritional supplements, and I take it with vitamin D each morning.
Read More
7.5
Brain development aid
2 people found this helpful
Good quality fish oil rich in omega-3, beneficial for brain development, especially in babies, and heart disease. My family and I take it daily. However, I hope the company reconsiders the price, as it is a bit expensive.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Anti-inflammation effect
1 people found this helpful
I switched from capsules to liquid cod liver oil and noticed a difference in heart health and inflammation within a week. I will definitely buy this again as it seems effective. It's a great product for overall well-being.
7.5
Promotes heart health
1 people found this helpful
Norwegian deep sea cod liver oil is known for its high quality and reasonable price. Having just started my first bottle, I plan to continue its use, as one must be patient and consistent for at least six months to feel its effects. Cod liver oil is beneficial for heart health, blood vessels, and eyes. I find this original flavour acceptable for daily consumption.
7.5
Boosts heart health
This high-quality cod liver oil boasts significant omega-3 content, aiding in lowering bad cholesterol and inflammation, thus enhancing heart health and cognitive function. It is my top choice for nutritional supplements, and I take it with vitamin D each morning.
9
Reduces heart risks
Excellent! This brand has significantly reduced hair loss in my teenage children after prolonged use. Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for blood circulation, brain function, and overall health. They have anti-inflammatory properties, enhance immune activity, and are vital in preventing heart disease. Omega-3 deficiency leads to various health issues. The benefits include increased cognitive function, improved blood circulation, and reduced blood pressure.
7.5
Improves heart health
4 people found this helpful
Cod liver oil is vital for skin health and clarity, delaying aging. It supports heart health and combatting heart disease and strokes. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in memory support and nervous system function under stress, reduces the risk of diabetes, and enhances immunity against bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, it lowers triglycerides and cholesterol. Unlike regular fish oils derived from fish tissues, cod liver oil is extracted from the liver of cod fish, providing higher levels of vitamins A and D.
0
Anti-inflammatory benefits
Cod liver oil is high in EPA and DHA, along with vitamins A and D. Its strong anti-inflammatory benefits promote heart disease, brain, vision, joint, and immune health. This brand is highly recommended due to its quality.
9
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in cod liver oil, on heart health after a heart attack. Using lab tests on heart cells and mouse models, we found that DHA helped protect heart cells from damage due to low oxygen levels.
Remarkably, DHA not only reduced heart damage but also improved heart function overall. It seemed to support a process called autophagy, which helps clear out damaged cells, thereby benefiting heart health after injury.
However, it's important to note that while DHA shows promising results, more research is needed to fully understand its role.
Remarkably, DHA not only reduced heart damage but also improved heart function overall. It seemed to support a process called autophagy, which helps clear out damaged cells, thereby benefiting heart health after injury.
However, it's important to note that while DHA shows promising results, more research is needed to fully understand its role.
8
We assessed the long-term relationship between cod liver oil supplements and heart disease mortality in a large UK cohort over 22 years. By analyzing data from 22,035 participants, we looked at various factors that could affect heart health, including age and lifestyle choices.
While we found that recent use of omega-3 supplements was linked to a lower risk of dying from coronary heart disease, uncertainties remain. Some factors may still confound these results, but the connection primarily seemed to benefit those using n-3 supplements.
While we found that recent use of omega-3 supplements was linked to a lower risk of dying from coronary heart disease, uncertainties remain. Some factors may still confound these results, but the connection primarily seemed to benefit those using n-3 supplements.
8
Cardiovascular benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid
We explored the effectiveness of icosapent ethyl, a formulation of eicosapentaenoic acid, in reducing cardiovascular risks among patients who were already on statin therapy. The focus was on individuals with elevated triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at a baseline of 41 to 100 mg/dL.
In this comprehensive analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, we observed that patients were randomly assigned to receive either icosapent ethyl or a placebo, allowing for a clear comparison of results. The findings revealed that even those with well-controlled LDL-C levels, categorized as less than 55 mg/dL, exhibited significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes when treated with icosapent ethyl.
Specifically, patients with LDL-C below 55 mg/dL experienced a notable reduction in primary cardiovascular events, with a reported decrease in rates from 22.8% to 16.2%. We also found similar outcomes in patients with LDL-C of 55 mg/dL or higher, further emphasizing the drug's potential effectiveness across different baseline cholesterol levels.
Overall, the study suggests that icosapent ethyl can confer cardiovascular benefits regardless of a patient's baseline LDL-C, indicating its importance in heart disease management, particularly for those at high cardiovascular risk.
In this comprehensive analysis of the REDUCE-IT trial, we observed that patients were randomly assigned to receive either icosapent ethyl or a placebo, allowing for a clear comparison of results. The findings revealed that even those with well-controlled LDL-C levels, categorized as less than 55 mg/dL, exhibited significant benefits in cardiovascular outcomes when treated with icosapent ethyl.
Specifically, patients with LDL-C below 55 mg/dL experienced a notable reduction in primary cardiovascular events, with a reported decrease in rates from 22.8% to 16.2%. We also found similar outcomes in patients with LDL-C of 55 mg/dL or higher, further emphasizing the drug's potential effectiveness across different baseline cholesterol levels.
Overall, the study suggests that icosapent ethyl can confer cardiovascular benefits regardless of a patient's baseline LDL-C, indicating its importance in heart disease management, particularly for those at high cardiovascular risk.
9
We delved into how cod liver oil (CLO) influences heart health, especially in the context of diabetes. Using a study with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, we treated them with CLO and monitored various cardiovascular metrics over 12 weeks. What we found was quite telling: untreated diabetic rats faced significant increases in blood sugar and harmful lipid levels, while those receiving CLO showed improved weight gain and complete prevention of lipid problems.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
Moreover, the study revealed that CLO-treated rats exhibited healthier blood vessel responses and heart function. For instance, we observed that CLO effectively corrected some vasoconstriction issues and improved heart rhythm responses that were otherwise diminished in diabetic rats. The treatment also helped preserve the structural integrity of heart tissue, which often suffers in diabetes.
Overall, this research strongly suggests that cod liver oil can be a valuable supplement for mitigating heart disease risks associated with diabetes. With its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, CLO appears to play a protective role in maintaining cardiovascular health in diabetic settings.
8
Cod liver oil lowers triglycerides
We explored the effectiveness of cod liver oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, in managing heart disease, particularly focusing on atherosclerosis. Research shows that cod liver oil can significantly lower triglyceride levels, especially when combined with statins for patients facing hypertriglyceridemia.
Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it a beneficial option in other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. However, while promising for lowering heart disease risk factors, its direct impact on heart health requires more investigation.
Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it a beneficial option in other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. However, while promising for lowering heart disease risk factors, its direct impact on heart health requires more investigation.
8
We explored how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, affects cardiovascular health by reviewing various studies that compared DHA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Our analysis included 24 publications from nine randomized controlled trials that provided insights into the separate effects of these two fatty acids.
DHA has been shown to lower triglyceride levels and possibly has a more significant impact on raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is considered protective for the heart. Interestingly, while DHA appears to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, it also increases the size of LDL particles, making them less likely to contribute to heart disease.
Furthermore, we observed that DHA demonstrates better results than EPA in reducing heart rate and lowering blood pressure. Both DHA and EPA have beneficial effects on platelet function, reducing the risk of clotting, and they also worked to lower markers of inflammation.
Notably, the effects on blood glucose levels were inconsistent, indicating that more research is needed. Overall, while there are promising benefits of DHA regarding various cardiovascular risk factors, the study suggests a need for further high-quality research to understand its impacts fully.
DHA has been shown to lower triglyceride levels and possibly has a more significant impact on raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is considered protective for the heart. Interestingly, while DHA appears to increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, it also increases the size of LDL particles, making them less likely to contribute to heart disease.
Furthermore, we observed that DHA demonstrates better results than EPA in reducing heart rate and lowering blood pressure. Both DHA and EPA have beneficial effects on platelet function, reducing the risk of clotting, and they also worked to lower markers of inflammation.
Notably, the effects on blood glucose levels were inconsistent, indicating that more research is needed. Overall, while there are promising benefits of DHA regarding various cardiovascular risk factors, the study suggests a need for further high-quality research to understand its impacts fully.
References
- Shi Y, Li H, Wu T, Wang Q, Zhu Q, et al. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enhanced Autophagic Flux Improves Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction by Targeting the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:1509421. 10.1155/2022/1509421
- Nilsen DWT, Myhre PL, Kalstad A, Schmidt EB, Arnesen H, et al. Serum Levels of Dihomo-Gamma (γ)-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) Are Inversely Associated with Linoleic Acid and Total Death in Elderly Patients with a Recent Myocardial Infarction. Nutrients. 2021;13. 10.3390/nu13103475
- Lentjes MAH, Keogh RH, Welch AA, Mulligan AA, Luben RN, et al. Longitudinal associations between marine omega-3 supplement users and coronary heart disease in a UK population-based cohort. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017471. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017471
- Ceylan-Isik A, Hünkar T, Aşan E, Kaymaz F, Ari N, et al. Cod liver oil supplementation improves cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007;59:1629. PubMed
- Vermel' AE. [Clinical application of omega-3-fatty acids (cod-liver oil)]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2005;83:51. PubMed
- Pedersen JI, Tverdal A, Kirkhus B. [Diet changes and the rise and fall of cardiovascular disease mortality in Norway]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2004;124:1532. PubMed
- Kulakova SN, Gapparova KM, Pogozheva AV, Levachev MM. [Evaluation of the effects of fish and vegetable omega-3 PUFA complex on the erythrocyte fatty acid composition in patients with ischemic heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance]. Vopr Pitan. 1999;68:26. PubMed
- Kim DN, Eastman A, Baker JE, Mastrangelo A, Sethi S, et al. Fish oil, atherogenesis, and thrombogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;748:474. PubMed
- Meerson FZ, Belkina LM, Fu STs, Isaev VA. [Correction of disorders of cardiac electric stability in post-infarction cardiosclerosis using a diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993;115:343. PubMed
- Skúladóttir GV, Gudmundsdóttir E, Olafsdóttir E, Gudmundsson TV, Hardarson T, et al. Influence of dietary cod liver oil on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in human male subjects after myocardial infarction. J Intern Med. 1990;228:563. PubMed
- Schmidt EB, Pedersen JO, Ekelund S, Grunnet N, Jersild C, et al. Cod liver oil inhibits neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in healthy males. Atherosclerosis. 1989;77:53. PubMed
- Gudbjarnason S, Benediktsdóttir VE, Skúladóttir G. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on coronary heart disease. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1989. PubMed
- Gudbjarnason S. Dynamics of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in phospholipids of heart muscle. J Intern Med Suppl. 1989;731:117. PubMed
- Simonsen T, Nordøy A. Ischaemic heart disease, serum lipids and platelets in Norwegian populations with traditionally low or high fish consumption. J Intern Med Suppl. 1989;731:83. PubMed
- Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM. Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1988;78:1421. PubMed
- Vanhoutte PM. Platelets, endothelium and blood vessel wall. Experientia. 1988;44:105. PubMed
- Weiner BH, Ockene IS, Levine PH, Cuénoud HF, Fisher M, et al. Inhibition of atherosclerosis by cod-liver oil in a hyperlipidemic swine model. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:841. PubMed
- Hamaya R, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Buring JE, Manson JE. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025. 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028
- Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Hsu CW, Liang CS, Stubbs B, et al. The Optimal Dosage and Duration of ω-3 PUFA Supplementation in Heart Failure Management: Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025;16:100366. 10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100366
- Kim JY, Kong SYJ, Jung E, Cho YS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Potential Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;14. 10.3390/jcm14010026
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Abuissa H, Metzinger M, Murray E, et al. Omega-3 and Risk of atrial fibrillation: Vagally-mediated double-edged sword. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.11.003
- Choi GY, Calder PC. The differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1423228. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1423228
- Shi F, Chowdhury R, Sofianopoulou E, Koulman A, Sun L, et al. Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32:233. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315
- Amangurbanova M, Daher R, Asbeutah AA, Vemuri B, Mirza H, et al. Higher epicardial adipose tissue volume is associated with higher coronary fatty plaque volume and is regulated by waist circumference but not EPA+DHA supplementation. J Clin Lipidol. 2024;18:e773. 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.06.006
- Lv L, Guo Y, Zheng Z, Li B. Blood metabolites mediate effects of breakfast skipping on heart failure via Mendelian randomization analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:18957. 10.1038/s41598-024-69874-7
- Wang Y, Yang B, Wang C. The association between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases: A mendelian randomization study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024;63:447. 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.018
- Tian S, Guo T, Qian F, Qiu Z, Lu Q, et al. Fish Oil, Plasma n-3 PUFAs, and Risk of Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. 10.1210/clinem/dgae482
- Asbeutah AA, Daher R, Malik A, Hariri E, Alfaddagh A, et al. The Effect of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in Subjects With Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2024;225:98. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.06.001
- Dinu M, Sofi F, Lotti S, Colombini B, Mattioli AV, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary revascularization and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:1863. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae184
- Braun TS, Drobner T, Kipp K, Kiehntopf M, Schlattmann P, et al. Validation of Nutritional Approaches to Modulate Cardiovascular and Diabetic Risk Factors in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia or Prediabetes-The MoKaRi II Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16091261
- O'Keefe EL, O'Keefe JH, Tintle NL, Westra J, Albuisson L, et al. Circulating Docosahexaenoic Acid and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Mayo Clin Proc. 2024;99:534. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.11.026
- Zeinalabedini M, Ladaninezhad M, Mobarakeh KA, Hoshiar-Rad A, Shekari S, et al. Association of dietary fats with ischemic heart disease (IHD): a case-control study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43:19. 10.1186/s41043-023-00489-w
- Rennemo J, Berge K, Yousaf MN, Eriksen TB, Welde E, et al. An Atypical Course of Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon () Fed a Clinical Nutrition Diet. Microorganisms. 2023;12. 10.3390/microorganisms12010026
- Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. 10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
- Patil T, Gregory M, Savona N, Jarmukli N, Leonard CE. Evaluating the Real-World Safety of Icosapent Ethyl Versus Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Nationwide US Veterans Cohort: Examining Atrial Fibrillation and Bleeding Endpoints. Clin Drug Investig. 2025;45:69. 10.1007/s40261-024-01417-4
- Capece U, Gugliandolo S, Morciano C, Avolio A, Splendore A, et al. Erythrocyte Membrane Fluidity and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake: Current Outlook and Perspectives for a Novel, Nutritionally Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16244318
- Fukuda T, Nakajima T, Hasegawa T, Amano H, Arikawa T, et al. Relationship Between Serum ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration and Fatty Acid Fraction of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus. 2024;16:e73417. 10.7759/cureus.73417
- Li J, Nan W, Huang X, Meng H, Wang S, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid induces macrophage Mox polarization to prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy. EMBO Rep. 2024;25:5507. 10.1038/s44319-024-00271-x
- Kumakura H, Funada R, Matsuo Y, Iwasaki T, Nakashima K, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Level Predicts Long-Term Survival and Cardiovascular or Limb Event in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Ann Vasc Dis. 2024;17:135. 10.3400/avd.oa.23-00079
- Xiao Y, Chen Y, Pietzner A, Elbelt U, Fan Z, et al. Circulating Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Coronary Heart Disease: Pooled Analysis of 36 Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16111610
- Sudo Y, Morimoto T, Tsushima R, Oka A, Sogo M, et al. Eicosapentaenoic Acid and the Outcomes in Older Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e033969. 10.1161/JAHA.123.033969
- Miyauchi K, Iwata H, Nishizaki Y, Inoue T, Hirayama A, et al. Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Secondary Prevention Efficacy of Combination Therapy-Statin and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (RESPECT-EPA). Circulation. 2024;150:425. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065520
- Reiner MF, Bertschi DA, Werlen L, Wiencierz A, Aeschbacher S, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Markers of Thrombosis in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Nutrients. 2024;16. 10.3390/nu16020178
- Zhao M, Xiao M, Tan Q, Ji J, Lu F. Association between dietary omega-3 intake and coronary heart disease among American adults: The NHANES, 1999-2018. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0294861. 10.1371/journal.pone.0294861
- Chiusolo S, Bork CS, Gentile F, Lundbye-Christensen S, Harris WS, et al. Adipose tissue n-3/n-6 fatty acids ratios versus n-3 fatty acids fractions as predictors of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2023;262:38. 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.03.019
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